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GUIDE 



TO THE 



|ngfi§^ Hciiibmar^s 



OF THE 



SOIL AND CROPS 



LANCASTER, PA. 

INQUIRER P. & P. COMPANY. 

1879. 




Class _ 

Book 

GopyrightN". 






COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/guidetoenglishlaOOgray 



Ay>f 



GUIDE 



TO THE 



ENG 



umum 



Soil and Crops, 



HENRY V.'X^RAY, M. D., 

FORMERLY SURGEON C. S. A., PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 
ROANOKE COLLEGE, VA. 



v..JJ.Si-'-^.-%'.1 



LANCASTER, PA. 

INQUIRER P. & P. COMPANY. 

1879. 



Economy in the government of the Soil, is more important than the economy 
of State. 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year TS79, 

By henry V. GRAY, M. D., 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



No one will be permitted to copy or print any part of this, under penalty of 
Copyright Laws. 



^V" 



^ 

^ 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Analysis of Soils, Crops, Plants, etc 5 

How to make Compost Manures 1 1 



INTRODUCTION, 



An accurate, yet simple Map and Guide, to assist the 
Farmer in learning the chemical nature of his soil and 
crops, has been a necessity long felt and earnestly sought 
after ; but the subject has been so difficult to simplify, that 
it has proven a failure until the present time. The 
Author does not lay any special claim to originality. He 
has only simplified a difficult and complex subject by 
years of hard study, and by engaging the opinions of the 
best chemists of Europe and America in this compilation. 
The virgin soil of the United States has been exhausted ; 
from this the Farmer in days past made his living without 
the necessity of an education. To succeed now, the Farmer 
must study the chemistry of his soil ; its nature and dis- 
eases. He must be a physician to his land, and learn 
how to treat the diseases of his soil. Most Farmers 
imagine that clover will meet all ends. Let me tell him, 
he may turn crop after crop of clover under, and he will 
never get a wheat or corn crop upon it, until he puts in 
the soil the standard ingredients of these crops. Let him 
refer to the map, and he will see at once the great differ- 
ence between hay, corn and wheat. 

The Author modestly offers his Map and Guide to the 
Farmers of the United States, trusting they will find it a 
ready assistant in promoting their welfare. 



ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND PLANTS. 



Two kinds of analysis become necessary in cultivating 
land to advantage ; ist. Physical Analysis ; 2d. Chemical 
Analysis. 

ist, Physical Analysis. 

By this we mean the physical appearance or surface in- 
dications of the soil, such as the natural growth upon the 
land, and the color of the soil. 

We can very frequently determine the quality of the 
soil by the character or kind of weeds found upon it. If 
the weeds are full and rank, and growing tall, we know it 
is an indication of rich land, with a good supply of or- 
ganic matter already in the soil, probably deficient only 
in mineral matter. If the weeds are feeble and thinly 
scattered over the land, we know the land is poor, and 
requires organic or vegetable matter as a manure, as well 
as mineral. If the weeds are small, and of the creeping, 
thorny, prickly, sour kind, we may rest assured we have 
land that will be unfit for a long time for cultivation, and 
only overcome by sheep grazing and mattock grubbing. 

The natural growth upon land can only be nourished 
through the food that is in the soil and atmosphere. It 
would be a matter of impossibility for us to analyze every 
weed growing upon land, but by grouping and classifying 
them, and applying the test of experience and reason, we 
will be surprised to know how much information we can 
gain in a few years. 

5 



Suppose we reason and reflect in this manner : What 
kind of plant or weed grows upon a rich soil ? What kind 
upon a fair soil ? What kind upon a poor soil ? This 
seems a practical way to analyze a soil. " The weeds 
growing upon land, according to their size and vigor, 
give us some insight into the character and quality of 
the soil ; for it is well known that the ashes of plants con- 
tain almost invariably the same constituents, and the dif- 
ferences between them are caused principally by differ- 
ences in the relative proportions in which the several con- 
stituents are present." 

Study closely the natural growth upon your land, and 
the color of the soil ; whether it is of a light or dark, clay 
or sandy appearance, or whether colored from iron or 
vegetable decay, and analysis will soon become a pleasure. 

2d, Chemical Analysis of Plants. 

Plants or weeds are composed of organic and inorganic 
parts. The organic part of the plant is the part that is 
driven off or destroyed in burning. It constitutes much 
the largest part of the plant — 90 to 95 per cent., and is 
derived principally from the air — God's laboratory. 
The organic constituents then of plants are Carbon, Oxy- 
gen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen, which come from the 
gum, starch, sugar, oil, woody fibre, water, and the air of 
the plants. 

^' The whole of the organic part of vegetables and 
plants, the whole of the atmosphere, all water, and a very 
large part of the solid rocks which make up this globe, 
consist of one, two, three, or all of these four substances 
united in different proportions." 

These names appear difficult to understand to the 
practical farmer, but when he is told they are only gases 
pervading all nature, he becomes reconciled to the laws of 
nature. 

The Inorganic Part of Plants. 

The inorganic part or ashes of the plant is the part for 
the practical farmer to consider. It constitutes but a 



small part of the plant, and was, for a long time, con- 
sidered in the light of an impurity. The analysis of 
plants shows certain substances in varying proportions, 
and however small or insignificant the quantity, they 
play an important part. 

" The ash of the same plant, grown upon different 
soils, was found to have a composition of nearly the 
same nature ; thus showing that it did not feed or grow 
npon everything that might come in contact with its 
roots, but selected only the material or food it required 
and found necessary for its growth." 

The ash of plants is composed of generally ten sub- 
stances in varying proportions, namely : 

ist. Potash ; similar to common Lye ; Ashes. 

2d. Soda; similar to common Salt, and found in na- 
tive state. 

3d. Lime ; similar to Quicklime ; plaster, marls, etc. 

4th. Magnesia ; similar to Chalk ; gotten from magne- 
sian limestone. 

5th. Iron; appearance of common Iron rust. 

6th. Manganese ; is a metal something like iron ; little 
value. 

7th. Silica; similar to common quartz, flint, agate, 
sand, etc. 

8th. Chlorine; a gas of green color; of but little value. 

9th. Sulphuric Acid ; same as common Oil of Vitriol. 

loth. Phosphates ; gotten from bones by applying Oil 
Vitriol. 

These ten substances, found in the ashes of plants, are 
found in different proportions in all the weeds growing 
upon your place. If the soil is rich, you will find the 
weeds large and well developed. If the soil is poor, you 
will find them feeble and small. 

The Organic and Inorganic parts of crops have the 
same substances as plants. By knowing what crops are 
upon the land, you can test for yourselves what is needed 
in the soil, (provided you have faithfully worked it, and 
put it in, in the proper season,) and whether a change of 
crops should be made. 



You will know what the crops take from the soil, and, 
of course, will reason that a proper return should be 
made. 

Analysis of Soils. 

Here, as in plants and crops, we have an organic and 
inorganic part. In the soil the inorganic part is the 
largest, whilst in plants it is very small. 

"The organic part is derived from the decay of an- 
imal and vegetable matter. The inorganic is derived 
from the decomposition of rocks. The inorganic part of 
the soil consists of the same substances as the inorganic 
part of plants and crops, with the addition of alumina. 

^'Alumina is a white substance,- which gives stiffness to 
clays. A very fertile soil contains all cf these sub- 
stances in considerable quantities." 

"The three principal varieties of rocks^ are limestone, 
sandstone, and clay. Soils take their names from one of 
these rocks. We have only to apply our test for each 
substance, if we desire a thorough chemical analysis. 
This we recognize at once as very difficult, and indeed, I 
may say, totally unnecessary ; we must therefore reduce 
it to a practical analysis which every man capable of 
reading and writing can appreciate. 

Some of the substances we can understand by a mere 
surface examination. For instance, every farmer can 
judge when he has too much or too little Silica (sand) or 
Alumina (clay) in his land. Where the soil is too stiff, he 
recognizes the importance of adding Silica (sand) ; or 
Alumina (clay), where the soil is too light or sandy. 

To find out the organic substances in the soil, we de- 
termine the quantity and quality, by the amount of de- 
caying matter found in turning up the land. By burning 
a certain quantity of the soil, the organic matter, which 
is very small, is driven off in the form of smoke into the 
atmosphere, leaving the ashes, which is the inorganic part. 

Inorganic Part of Soil. 
We have already determined upon the Silica and 



Alumina; the other substances will be more difficult of 
recognition. We will now determine their solubility in 
water and acid. 

Substances Soluble in Water. 

Weigh a pound of air dry soil or earth, and boil it in 
water for several hours — rain water is the best ; then filter 
it through coarse porous paper, such as the druggists use. 
Continue to filter until the liquid comes through clear. 
Take the solution thus filtered, and evaporate until you 
drive off the water, which will leave a solid residue or ex- 
tract behind. Burn this extract to drive off the organic 
matter, which is the decaying vegetable and animal matter 
in the soil. Weigh the residue or ashes left after burning, 
on a small pair of well-balanced scales, and the weight 
will give you the inorganic matter, soluble in water, found 
in the soil. You will find this inorganic part composed 
mostly of potash, soda, and some common salt. The 
amount thus found soluble in water is not large, yet adds 
greatly to the soil. 

Substances Soluble in Acid. 

Weigh another pound of air dry soil or earth, and add 
a small quantity of Muriatic Acid, diluted with two or 
or three times its bulk of water. If the soil contains much 
lime in the form of carbonate, it will effervesce or bubble 
up rapidly. If the bubbling is active, you can pretty 
well determine you have a good quantity of lime in the 
soil ; if very violent^ it is in excess. If the bubbling is 
very feeble, the lime is deficient. Very strong vinegar 
will sometimes answer in this experiment instead of Muri- 
atic Acid. 

Filter th's acid mixture (or portion of soil already 
weighed, with acid added,) until it no longer tastes acid. 
Burn the residue to drive off, or set free, the organic mat- 
ter. After burning, weigh the ashes, and the weight will 
determine the amount of insoluble silicious matter in the 
soil. Add now common water of ammonia, until it 



shows an alkaline reaction with litmus paper. If a floccu- 
lent precipitate falls by the addition of the ammonia, you 
have Iron and Alumina in the soil. If the precipitate is 
of a deep red color, the Iron is in excess, and the con- 
trary if but feebly red. If the precipitate has a whitish 
green color, and reddens when exposed to the air, the 
soil contains the protoxide of Iron, in place of the peroxide 
of Iron. 

The protoxide of Iron is very iujurious to plants. It is 
for this reason important to know which form of Iron is 
present. Nitrate of Baryta, added to another portion of 
this acid mixture of earth, gives a white powdery precipi- 
tate, if the solution contains Sulphuric Acid. 

Molybdate of Ammonia, added to another acid portion 
of soil, gives a yellow precipitate, if Phosphoric Acid is 
present. Bichloride of Platinum, added to another acid 
portion, gives a yellow powdery precipitate, if Potash is 
present. The principal substances composing the soil 
have been subjected to analysis, and yet, as simple as it 
may appear, it will be found difficult of execution. 
Would advise the active laboring farmer (if not educated) 
to use only the test for lime, which is very simple as well 
as important, and use a different system for the remainder ; 
watching closely the effect of cropping upon the land. 

Different crops take away the inorganic substances of 
the soil in different proportions. 

ist The grains contain chiefly the Phosphates. 

2d. Potatoes and Turnips, mostly Potash and Soda. 

3d. Grasses, for the most part, Lime and Silica. 

4th. Straw, composed mostly of Silica. 

This explains the principle of rotation of crops — one 
crop may find food, when the land has been exhausted 
for another. The value of land is kept up by a judicious 
rotation of crops for a long time, but you must always re- 
turn to the soil what you have taken away. 

When the farmer wishes to put in a crop, let him refer 
to his map to find out the principal substances of that 
crop, and what was taken from the soil by the previous 
crops. If it was corn or wheat, for instance, he will find, 



II 

by reference to the map, he has taken Potash and Phos- 
phoric Acid in large quantities from the soil. If he wishes 
to put in the same crop or like crops, he must return 
these substances to the soil in the form of fertilizers or 
manures containing them. 

We find wheat straw composed of 80 per cent, of 
Silica. ''This Silica (sand) is intended to give straw its 
stiffness, strength and elasticity. When there is not suffi- 
cient supply of it in the soil, the straw falls down or 
lodges, as the farmers say." The same may be said of 
the straw of all grains, and the stalk of all grasses. Straw 
as a manure is of but little value. 

Phosphoric Acid is the principal substance found in the 
grain or head of wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, 
etc. In root crops, as a general thing, potash and soda 
are most abundant. 

By this system of analysis and reasoning, the farmer 
will not find much trouble in thoroughly understanding 
the diseases of his soil. Administer the remedies in the 
form of vegetable, animal, and mineral manures, and you 
will have but little trouble in checking the disease. 

Fertilizers or Manures. 

Anything that will nourish and feed your land may be 
looked upon as a manure. This manure must be either 
bought or made upon your farm. Manure requires but 
little outlay of money, but plenty of your strongest elbow- 
grease. Give plenty of this kind of grease, and you can 
fertilize your land at but little cost. Every thing you 
can think of in the way of green weeds, straw, muck, 
cornstalks, rubbish, chips, rags, leaves, decaying wood, 
bones, earth, rocks, stable manure, the droppings from 
cows, sheep, human excrement, urine, the refuse from 
the kitchen, etc — these things, and many more, will go to 
form your compost heap. 

Compost Manure. 

This is a kind of manure made entirely on the farm ; 
with it, you can safely pass by all the fertilizers — with it^ 



12 

judiciously and properly made and applied, your land will 
be enriched, and your crops increased many fold— with 
it, you will gradually destroy all noxious weeds, and con- 
vert them into friends — with it, you will gradually 
become independent in life, and cash your own checks. 
With //, twenty-five acres of land, properly managed and 
brought to a high state of cultivation, will comfortably 
support a large family, and fifty acres will enrich you in 
due season. If you would succeed in farming, never 
own beyond one hundred acres of land ; more than this 
will bankrupt you. 

This kind of manure can be made all the year round, 
and need not interfere with the regular farm work. In 
the first place the farmer should dig a cistern or tank, 
water tight, in a convenient place under cover, of the 
capacity of a hundred gallons or more, and throw some 
rails over it. Upon these rails he should place every day 
or so the litter of the stable, the droppings of cows, 
horses, etc., and all rubbish about the yard or garden, to- 
gether with contents of chambers. After he has made a 
layer of several inches in thickness, he should place a 
similar layer of muck, earth, etc., and thus continue layer 
upon layer, first of manure and then of earth, throwing in 
straw, corn and tobacco stalks, green weeds, rotting wood, 
leaves, bones, and flesh of any kind, ashes, etc. Take 
the mowing blade, and wherever weeds are growing, 
whether in yard or garden, corners of fences or field, cut 
them for your compost heap. The fermentation the 
weeds are carried through entirely destroys the seed. If 
you can get a drain from the stable and privy to your com- 
post heap, so much the better, as you will be saving 
something very valuable. You must keep the heap suffi- 
ciently wet by pouring water upon it. In Flanders, 
the liquid manure of a single cow, for a year, is valued 
at ^lo. You must add to the compost heap occasionally 
a small quantity of plaster, lime unslacked, salt, etc., and 
carry it through a gradual fermentation, by pouring upon 
it the drain from the heap, until you are satisfied the pile 
has pretty well rotted ; then haul it out, and spread upon 



13 

the land to make room for another compost heap. This 
can be done at odd times during the year. 

Having made your manure, with hardly any cost, 
one thing more is needed to complete the work, namely, 
the addition of Phosphoric Acid. From bones we get 
Phosphoric Acid. It will be remembered that the ashes 
of grain is particularly rich in phosphates; consequently 
as gran is generally sold off, the phosphates are most 
readily exhausted ; in bones, therefore, we find just the 
manure for restoring them, and with little expense. 
There are few farms on which bones enough might not be 
collected in the course of a year, to help out in this way 
the manuring of several acres. These bones can be grad- 
ually dissolved by pouring common commercial Sulphuric 
Acid (Oil of Vitriol), mixed with two or three times its 
bulk of water (as the acid is too strong by itself), upon the 
bones, which must first be put into the centre of a hill of 
dirt for the acid to have full play, and for the dirt to mixi 
in with it. Fifty or sixty pounds of acid, to every loo 
pounds of bones, mixed with manure, will be sufficient for 
one acre. Bones can, also, by the addition of strong lye 
to them, be entirely dissolved. They may not only be 
applied to the ordinary cultivated crops, but also to 
meadows and pastures. In some of the older dairy dis- 
tricts, a few bushels of bone dust per acre will at once re- 
store worn out pastures. The reason is that the milk and 
cheese, which are in one form or another sold and carried 
avvay, contain considerable quantities of the phosphates. 

These are restored to the land by bones. It is calcu- 
lated by Prof Johnston, that a cow giving twenty quarts 
of milk per day, takes from the soil about two pounds of 
phosphate of lime or bone earth in each week. 

There would thus be required three or four pounds of 
bones to make good this loss. If it is not made good in 
some way, the rich grasses, after a time, cease to flourish; 
being succeeded by those which require less phosphate of 
lime, and therefore do not furnish, when eaten by the 
cow, so rich or so abundant milk. 

If a farmer wants to utilize the bones on his farm (and 



14 

every farmer should), he can do so without much trouble. 
Bones act very slowly in soil, because they decompose 
with great difficulty — on account of their compact struc- 
ture. If they are ground in a plaster mill, they give 
''bone meal," which is much more active than whole 
bones. If there is no plaster mill at hand, make a floor 
of boards under some shed, on which pile all the bones 
you can get, and mix with them an equal amount of fresh 
wood ashes ; wet the ashes with water, so as to dissolve 
the potash, that it may act on the animal matter of the 
bones^ but do not use so much water as to make it leach, 
and the potash thus drip away ; stir up the bones and 
ashes every three days for a month, when you can crush 
them and break them small with a spade. If you will 
beat them fine, you will then have a convenient manure, 
which contains all the valuable elements of both the bone 
and the ashes. " You will then save yourself from the 
temptation to sell your ashes to the soap boiler for six to 
ten cents a bushel, while they are worth twenty-five to 
thirty cents for your farm. Use this mixture on your corn, 
wheat, oats and potatoes, and you are paid for all your 
trouble. Mix it with barnyard manure, or any other fer- 
tilizing material you can get to give it bulk, or drop 
it separately in the hills or drills." 

From an address delivered before the Valley Agricul- 
tural Society of Virginia, October 21st, 1858: 

'' During the past summer I heard an opinion expressed 
by Prof Henry, the distinguished Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institute, which struck me at the time as extrava- 
gant, but which a little reflection satisfied me was founded 
upon the strong probabilities of truth. It was that there 
was more wealth in our soil in fertilizing matter at the 
moment this continent was discovered by Columbus, 
than there is at present, above the surface, in improve- 
ments and all other investments. The fertility which 
ages had accumulated upon its surface, has been the capi- 
tal upon which the farmer has been drawing with reckless 
prodigality from the first settlement of the country." 



15 

Prevention and Cure of Exhaustion. 

"To prevent exhaustion, as well as to remedy it after 
it has taken place, it is requisite that those elements which 
have been drawn from the soil should be restored to it. 
No escape from this necessity is possible, under any cir- 
cumstances of soil, climate, people or country. 

While there is some want of agreement among agricul- 
tural chemists, as to what are the precise functions of the 
various chemical substances which perform a part in the 
mysterious phenomena of vegetable structure and growth, 
there is an entire unanimity on the part of all who occupy 
high position, that this great law or provision for the res- 
titution of the elements must be complied with, or ex- 
haustion is inevitable. Nature will not permit man con- 
tinuously to draw from the mine of wealth which she has 
furnished for his use, except under certain restrictions. 
When the several products which have been given to him 
have administered to his sustenance, comfort, or conveni- 
ence, and then performed each its appointed part, the 
refuse must be given back to the land, becoming again 
material for aiding in the same process of vegetable nutri- 
tion." 

^'The life of men, of animals, and of plants," says 
Liebig, 'Ms connected in the closest manner with the re- 
turn of all the conditions which promote the vital process. 
The soil, by its constituents, contributes to the life of 
plants; its continuous fertility is inconceivable and impos- 
sible without the return of those conditions which have 
rendered it productive." 

Such being the facts, it must be apparent that the 
farmer, to manure to the highest advantage and with the 
utmost economy, must make himself acquainted with the 
truths of agricultural chemistry. Without a knowledge of 
this department of science, it is utterly impossible for 
him to acquire an insight into the properties and compar- 
ative value of different manures, the constituents of soil, 
the elements held in excess, and those which are not 
present in sufficient quantity, or are entirely wanting. 



i6 

Liebig has shown that the removal of one bushel of wheat 
from a given tract of land, and a failure to restore to it 
any portion of its constituents, decreases the power 
of that land to produce wheat to an amount equal to one 
bushel ; the farmer who pursues this policy is actually 
year by year disposing of his capital, and becoming the 
owner of a farm less and less valuable. 

In order to return to the soil its constituents which 
have been extracted by the crops, and to know how to 
properly rotate, the reader must intelligently study his 
Map and Guide. 

Accompanying this little book is a Map, which can be 
hung against the wall, as a ready reference to the farmer 
in knowing what crops to put in any particular soil, 
how to rotate the crops, and what to add to the soil. 

The grower of tobacco will find the fertilizer he wishes 
to use will be composed of the Phosphates, Potash, 
Ammonia and Lime. Taking from his compost heap the 
quantity of manure he desires for his crop of tobacco, he 
will add in small quantities the Phosphoric Acid (bones). 
Potash (ashes), and Lime or Plaster. 



Lime, 



^ 



Magn^ '' 



Potasl 

Soda, 

Silicati 

Iron, 

Loss, 



acn 



25 

3 
20 

2 

40 

Frac'n 



alysis. it is 
fouTjd com- 
posed oljiefly 
ofPliosp^ates 
Potash ar]d 

iLime,thetwo 

I 

I latter largely 

I 

\\n excess. 



75 " 
10 " 

7 '^ 

4 '' 

Fr.prt. 



Entei 
Congre! 
Henry 
Office o 
gress, a 



No one will be permitted to 
Copy or Print any part of this, 
under Penalty of Copyright 
Laws. 



conomy of State. 



THE ENGLl'SH LANDMARKS 



WE mm mom mm mm^m 

By HENI^Y V. GIIA.Y, M. 13. 



PK( JFE3S0R OF 



liable of C onvpositioi) of i\\c Soil. 



Composition of too bounds of Barth. 



Rich l.»nA, 



rair X,and. 



m.-f>;":-:i-AL. %:r.l;T..Tr-i:ii '? s. v 



Fractional part. , Fractional 'part. 



Phosphates gotten from Bones, 
Limestone, called Lime, Plaster, Magnesia, 
Potash, in Wood Ashes, 
Silica, in Sand, Gravel, &c., 

Iron, 

Vegetable and Animal Matter, 
Alumina, in Clay, ..... 
Loss 



5 per cent. 
Fractional part. 
65 per cent. 

5 " " 
13 " " 

8 '■ '■ 



2 per cent. 
None. 
80 per cent. 
6 " " 
6 '• ■■ 
5 " " 



I None. 

Fractional part. 

None. 
I 

80 per cent. 

9 •• •• 



9 " 



l^kble of Co|ii\l>o0itioi\ of tl|e Cro^S 



In toe W^onn&m AaUem.\ Corn. Wbeatl 



Rye. 



Vea.9, Seana I 



Oil of X'itriol in Plaster, Frac'n Frac'n Frac'n Frac'n 8pr.c. 

EJlQS'phate.s in Bones, sopr.c. 4501- r. 3 pr. c. 46pr.c.l46 " 
Lime, . . . Frac'n 3 " 9 " 3 " 5 " 

Magnesian Limestones i6pr.c. 16 " 6 " 10 " 10 

Potash, in Ashes, 25pr.c. 30 " 8 " 34 " '5 

Soda, in Common Salt, 4 pr. c. i " Frac'n 3 " 15 " 

Silicates, in Sand, Frac'n 2 " yopr.c. Frac'n, i " 



3pr.c. 
35 " 

3 " 

9 " 
29 '• 

>5 " 
Frac'n 



Iron, 
Loss, 



Frac'n Frac'n 



Frac'n 



3pr- 
35 " 

5 

9 " 
24 " 
18 '• 
, I " 
Frac'i 



Hay. Xobaeoo. »^7» 



c.^ 8pr.c. i2pr.c. 3pr.c. ^''''°" 



'1^6 '• I 



3pr.c. 



!25 " 
3" 

20 " 
2 " 

40 " 



lalysis.. it 
rouqd con 
posed djiedy: 
lofPhospljales! 7 
I Potash agd a 



75" 



9 pr. c. 

Frac'n Frac'n JFrac'n 



Linie,lhe two' 
latter largely 



Fr.prt 



Entered according to Act of 
Congress, in the year 1879, by 
Henry V. Gray, M. D., in the 
Office of the Librarian of Con- 
gress, at Washington. 



Mang tldis up or Frame it, 
for < Convenient Ref- 
erence. 



No one will be permitted to 
Copy or Print any part of this, 
under Penalty of Copyright 



'Economy in the Government of tl^e Soil, is more important than the Economy of State' 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DDDEba31S'=13 



